The MLA Style
Manual provides extensive examples of print source citations in chapter
six; the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers provides extensive
examples covering a wide variety of potential sources in chapter six. If your
particular case is not covered here, use the basic forms to determine the
correct format, consult one of the MLA books, visit the links in our additional
resources section, talk to your instructor, or email the OWL
tutors for help.
First or single
author's name is written last name, first name. The basic form for a book
citation is:
Lastname,
Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of
Publication.
Gleick,
James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin Books, 1987.
Henley,
Patricia. The Hummingbird House. Denver: MacMurray, 1999.
First author name
is written last name first; subsequent author names are written first name,
last name.
Gillespie,
Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring.
Boston: Allyn, 2000.
If there are more
than three authors, you may list only the first author followed by the phrase
et al. (the abbreviation for the Latin phrase "and others"; no period
after "et") in place of the other authors' names, or you may list all
the authors in the order in which their names appear on the title page.
Wysocki,
Anne Frances, et al. Writing New Media: Theory and Applications for
Expanding the Teaching of Composition. Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004.
or
Wysocki,
Anne Frances, Johndan Johnson-Eilola, Cynthia L. Selfe, and Geoffrey Sirc. Writing
New Media: Theory and Applications for Expanding the Teaching of Composition.
Logan, UT: Utah State UP, 2004.
After the first
listing of the author's name, use three hyphens and a period instead of the
author's name. List books alphabetically by title.
Palmer,
William J. Dickens and New Historicism. New York: St. Martin's, 1997.
---. The
Films of the Eighties: A Social History. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP,
1993.
A corporate
author may be a commission, a committee, or any group whose individual members
are not identified on the title page:
American
Allergy Association. Allergies in Children. New York: Random, 1998.
List and
alphabetize by the title of the book.
Encyclopedia of Indiana. New York:
Somerset, 1993.
For parenthetical
citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the title
instead of an author's name. Use quotation marks and underlining as
appropriate. For example, parenthetical citations of the source above would
appear as follows: (Encyclopedia 235).
Cite as you would
any other book, and add "Trans." followed by the
translator's/translators' name(s):
Foucault,
Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason.
Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Vintage-Random House, 1988.
Books may be
republished due to popularity without becoming a new edition, which is usually
a revision of the original. For these books, insert the original publication
date before the publication information.
Butler,
Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. New York: Routledge, 1999.
Erdrich,
Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. New York: Perennial-Harper, 1993.
There are two
types of editions in book publishing: a book that has been published more than
once in different editions and a book that is prepared by someone other than
the author (typically an editor).
A
Subsequent Edition
Cite the book as
you normally would, but add the number of the edition after the title.
Crowley,
Sharon and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students.
3rd ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004.
A Work
Prepared by an Editor
Cite the book as
you normally would, but add the editor after the title.
Bronte,
Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Ed. Margaret Smith. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1998.
List by editor or
editors, followed by a comma and "ed." or, for multiple editors,
"eds."
Hill,
Charles A. and Marguerite Helmers, eds. Defining Visual Rhetorics.
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.
Peterson,
Nancy J., ed. Toni Morrison: Critical and Theoretical Approaches.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.
Book parts
include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book.
The basic form is:
Lastname,
First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection. Ed.
Editor's Name(s). Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Pages.
Some actual
examples:
Harris,
Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide:
Helping Writers One to One. Ed. Ben Rafoth. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann,
2000. 24-34.
Swanson,
Gunnar. "Graphic Design Education as a Liberal Art: Design and Knowledge
in the University and The 'Real World.'" The Education of a Graphic
Designer. Ed. Steven Heller. New York: Allworth Press, 1998. 13-24.
Cross-referencing: If you cite more than
one essay from the same edited collection, the MLA indicates that it is
optional to cross-reference within your works cited list in order to avoid
writing out the publishing information for each separate essay. You should
should consider this option if you have many references from one text. To do
so, include a separate entry for the entire collection listed by the editor's
name. For individual essays from that collection, simply list the author's
name, the title of the essay, the editor's last name, and the page numbers. For
example:
L'Eplattenier,
Barbara. "Finding Ourselves in the Past: An Argument for Historical Work
on WPAs." Rose and Weiser 131-40.
Peeples,
Tim. "'Seeing' the WPA With/Through Postmodern Mapping." Rose and
Weiser 153-167.
Rose,
Shirley K, and Irwin Weiser, eds. The Writing Program Administrator as
Researcher. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1999.
Poem or
Short Story Examples:
Burns,
Robert. "Red, Red Rose." 100 Best-Loved Poems. Ed. Philip
Smith. New York: Dover, 1995. 26.
Kincaid,
Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short
Stories. Ed. Tobias Wolff. New York: Vintage, 1994. 306-307.
If the specific
literary work is part of the same author's collection, then there will be no
editor to reference:
Whitman,
Walt. "I Sing the Body Electric." Selected Poems. New York:
Dover, 1991. 12-19.
Carter,
Angela. "The Tiger's Bride." Burning Your Boats: The Collected
Stories. New York: Penguin, 1995. 154-169.
Article
in Reference Book:
For entries in
encyclopedias, dictionaries, and other reference works, cite the piece as you
would any other work in a collection but do not include the publisher
information. Also, if the reference book is organized alphabetically, as most
are, don't list the volume or the page number of the article or item.
"Ideology."
The American Heritage Dictionary. 3rd ed. 1997.
When citing only
one volume of a multivolume work, include the volume number after the work's
title, or after the work's editor or translator.
Quintilian.
Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. Vol. 2. Cambridge:
Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.
When citing more
than one volume of a multivolume work, cite the total number of volumes in the
work.
Quintilian.
Institutio Oratoria. Trans. H. E. Butler. 4 vols. Cambridge:
Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.
When citing
multivolume works in your text, always include the volume number followed by a
colon, then the page number(s):
...as
Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1:14-17).
If the volume you
are using has its own title, cite the book without referring to the other
volumes as if it were an independent publication.
Churchill,
Winston. S. The Age of Revolution. New York: Dodd, 1957.
Or, if you want
to reference the larger multivolume as part of your citation, you may include
"Vol. number of" before listing the title of the entire work, the
total number of volumes, and the date.
Churchill,
Winston. S. The Age of Revolution. New
When citing an
introduction, a preface, a forward, or an afterword, write the name of the
authors and then give the name of the part being cited, which should not be
italicized, underlined or enclosed in quotation marks.
Farrell,
Thomas B. Introduction. Norms of Rhetorical Culture. By Farrell. New
Haven: Yale UP, 1993. 1-13.
If the writer of
the piece is different from the author of the complete work, then write the
full name of the complete work's author after the word "By." For
example:
Duncan,
Hugh Dalziel. Introduction. Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose.
By Kenneth Burke. 1935. 3rd ed. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. xiii-xliv.
Certain book
sources are handled in a special way by MLA style.
Give the name of
the specific edition, any editor(s) associated with it, followed by the
publication information:
The New Jerusalem Bible. Susan Jones,
gen. ed. New York: Doubleday, 1985.
Your
parenthetical citation will include the name of the specific edition of the
Bible, followed by an abbreviation of the book and chapter:verse(s), e.g., (The
New Jerusalem Bible Gen. 1:2-6).
Cite the author
of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise start with the name
of the government, followed by the agency and any subdivision that served as
the corporate author. For congressional documents, be sure to include the
number of the congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution
passed. (GPO is the abbr. for the Government Printing Office.)
United
States. Cong. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on
the Geopolitics of Oil. 110th Cong., 1st sess. Washington: GPO, 2007.
United
States. Government Accountability Office. Climate Change: EPA and DOE Should
Do More to Encourage Progress Under Two Voluntary Programs. Washington:
GPO, 2006.
Cite the title
and publication information for the pamphlet just as you would a book without
an author.
Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System. Washington: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.
Your Rights Under California Welfare Programs. Sacramento, CA: California Dept. of Social Services, 2007.
Dissertations and
master's theses may be used as sources whether published or not. Cite the work
as you would a book, but include the designation Diss. (or MA/MS thesis)
followed by the degree-granting school and the year the degree was awarded.
If the
dissertation is published, treat the title as you would any book title and
include the date it was published at the end. You may also include the
University Microfilms International (UMI) order number if you want to:
Bishop,
Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the
IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign. Diss. Purdue University, 2002. Ann Arbor:
UMI, 2004. AAT 3104911.
Bile,
Jeffrey. Ecology, Feminism, and a Revised Critical Rhetoric: Toward a
Dialectical Partnership. Diss. Ohio University, 2005. Ann Arbor: UMI, 2006.
AAT 3191701.
If the work is
not published, put the title in quotation marks and end with the date the
degree was awarded:
Graban,
Tarez Samra. "Towards a Feminine Ironic: Understanding Irony in the
Oppositional Discourse of Women from the Early Modern and Modern Periods."
Diss. Purdue University, 2006.
Stolley,
Karl. "Toward a Conception of Religion as a Discursive Formation:
Implications for Postmodern Composition Theory." MA thesis. Purdue
University, 2002.
MLA style is
slightly different for popular periodicals, like magazines, newspapers, and
scholarly journals, as you'll learn below.
Cite by listing
the article's author, putting the title of the article in quotations marks, and
underlining or italicizing the periodical title. Follow with the date with date
and remember to abbreviate the month. Basic format:
Author(s).
"Title of Article." Title of Periodical Day Month Year: pages.
Poniewozik,
James. "TV Makes a Too-Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71.
Buchman,
Dana. "A Special Education." Good Housekeeping Mar. 2006:
143-8.
Cite a newspaper
article as you would a magazine article, but note the different pagination in a
newspaper. If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an
early and late edition of a newspaper), identify the edition following the date
(e.g., 17 May 1987, late ed.).
Brubaker,
Bill. "New Health Center Targets County's Uninsured Patients." Washington
Post 24 May 2007: LZ01.
Krugman,
Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed.:
A1.
If the newspaper
is local, include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper.
Behre,
Robert. "Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of S.C.
Democrats." Post and Courier [Charleston, SC] 29 Apr. 2007: A11.
Trembacki,
Paul. "Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team." Purdue Exponent
[West Lafayette, IN] 5 Dec. 2000: 20.
To cite a review,
include the abbreviation "Rev. of" plus information about the
performance that is being cited before giving the periodical information, as
shown in following basic format:
Review
Author. "Title of Review (if there is one)." Rev. of Performance
Title, by Author/Director/Artist. Title of Periodical day month year:
page.
Seitz,
Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It
Living." Rev. of Radiant City, dir. Gary Burns and Jim Brown. New York
Times 30 May 2007 late ed.: E1.
Weiller,
K. H. Rev. of Sport, Rhetoric, and Gender: Historical Perspectives and Media
Representations, ed. Linda K. Fuller. Choice Apr. 2007: 1377.
Cite as you would
any article in a periodical, but include the designators "Editorial"
or "Letter" to identify the type of work it is.
"Of
Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall Street Journal east. ed. 24 Oct
2003: A14.
Hamer,
John. Letter. American Journalism Review Dec. 2006/Jan. 2007: 7.
Cite the article
title first, and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of
periodical.
"Business:
Global warming's boom town; Tourism in Greenland." The Economist 26
May 2007: 82.
"Aging;
Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare." Women's
Health Weekly. 10 May 2007: 18.
Author(s).
"Title of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue (Year):
pages.
Actual example:
Bagchi,
Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in
Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature
15.1 (1996): 41-50.
If the journal
uses continuous pagination throughout a particular volume, only volume and year
are needed, e.g. Modern Fiction Studies 40 (1998): 251-81. If each issue
of the journal begins on page 1, however, you must also provide the issue
number following the volume, e.g. Mosaic 19.3 (1986): 33-49.
Allen,
Emily. "Staging Identity: Frances Burney's Allegory of Genre." Eighteenth-Century
Studies 31 (1998): 433-51.
Duvall,
John N. "The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated
Mediation in DeLillo's White Noise." Arizona Quarterly 50.3 (1994):
127-53.
Here are some
common features you should try and find before citing electronic sources in MLA
style. Always include as much information as is available/applicable:
Web sites (in MLA
style, the "W" in Web is capitalized, and "Web site" or
"Web sites" are written as two words) and Web pages are arguably the
most commonly cited form of electronic resource today. Below are a variety of
Web sites and pages you might need to cite.
Basic format:
Name of Site. Date of
Posting/Revision. Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site
(sometimes found in copyright statements). Date you accessed the site
[electronic address].
It is necessary
to list your date of access because web postings are often updated, and
information available on one date may no longer be available later. Be sure to
include the complete address for the site. Here are some examples:
The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. 26
Aug. 2005. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 23 April
2006 <http://owl.english.purdue.edu>.
Felluga,
Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory. 28 Nov. 2003. Purdue
University. 10 May 2006 <http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory>.
For course or
department websites, include "Course home page" or "Dept. home
page" after the name of the professor or department and before the
institution's name, followed by the date of access and URL.
English.
Dept. home page. Purdue University. 31 May 2007 <http://www.cla.purdue.edu/english/>.
Felluga,
Dino. Survey of the Literature of England. Course home page. Aug. 2006-Dec.
2006. Dept. of English, Purdue University. 31 May 2007
<http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/eng241/index.html>.
URLs that won't
fit on one line of your Works Cited list should be broken at slashes, when
possible.
Some Web sites
have unusually long URLs that would be virtually impossible to retype; others
use frames, so the URL appears the same for each page. To address this problem,
either refer to a site's search URL, or provide the path to the resource from
an entry page with an easier URL. Begin the path with the word Path followed by
a colon, followed by the name of each link, separated by a semicolon. For
example, the Amazon.com URL for customer privacy and security information is
<http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/
tg/browse/-/551434/104-0801289-6225502>, so we'd need to simplify the
citation:
Amazon.com.
"Privacy and Security." 22 May 2006 <http://www.amazon.com/>.
Path: Help; Privacy & Security.
For an individual
page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by the
information covered above for entire Web sites. Make sure the URL points to the
exact page you are referring to, or the entry or home page for a collection of
pages you're referring to:
"Caret."
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 28 April 2006. 10 May 2006
<http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caret&oldid=157510440>.
"How
to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow.com. 10 May 2006
<http://www.ehow.com/
how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html>.
Stolley,
Karl. "MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The OWL at Purdue. 10
May 2006. Purdue University Writing Lab. 12 May 2006
<http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/01/>.
Note: Individuals using
Wikipedia should use the "cite this article" link located in the
"toolbox" area on the right side of the navigation. The link will
provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing.
For works housed
outside of an online home, include the artist's name, the year the work was
created, and the institution (e.g., a gallery or museum) that houses it (if
applicable), followed by the city where it is located. Include the complete
information for the site where you found the image, including the date of
access. In this first example, the image was found on the Web site belonging to
the work's home museum:
Goya,
Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid. 22
May 2006 <http://museoprado.mcu.es/i64a.html.>.
In this next
example, the owner of the online site for the image is different than the
image's home museum:
Klee,
Paul. Twittering Machine.
1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive. "Klee:
Twittering Machine." 22 May 2006 <http://artchive.com/artchive/K/
klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html>.
For other images,
cite as you would any other Web page, but make sure you're crediting the
original creator of the image. Here's an example from Webshots.com, an online
photo-sharing site ("brandychloe" is a username):
brandychloe.
Great Horned Owl Family. 22 May 2006 <http://image46.webshots.com/
47/7/17/41/347171741bgVWdN_fs.jpg>.
The above example
links directly to the image; but we could also provide the user's profile URL,
and give the path for reaching the image, e.g.
brandychloe.
Great Horned Owl Family. 22 May 2006
<http://community.webshots.com/user/brandychloe>. Path: Albums; birds;
great horned owl family.
Doing so helps
others verify information about the images creator, where as linking directly
to an image file, like a JPEG (.jpg) may make verification difficult or
impossible.
Author(s).
"Title of Article." Title of Online Publication. Date of
Publication. Date of Access <electronic address>.
For example:
Bernstein,
Mark. "10 Tips on Writing The Living Web." A List Apart: For
People Who Make Websites. No. 149 (16 Aug. 2002). 4 May 2006
<http://alistapart.com/articles/writeliving>.
Online scholarly
journals are treated different from online magazines. First, you must include
volume and issue information, when available. Also, some electronic journals
and magazines provide paragraph or page numbers; again, include them if
available.
Wheelis,
Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological
and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases 6.6
(2000): 33 pars. 8 May 2006
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol6no6/wheelis.htm>.
When citing material
accessed via an electronic subscription service (e.g., a database or online
collection your library subscribes to), cite the relevant publication
information as you
would for a periodical (author, article title, periodical title, and
volume, date, and page number information) followed by the name of the database
or subscription collection, the name of the library through which you accessed
the content, including the library's city and state, plus date of access. If a
URL is available for the home page of the service, include it. Do not
include a URL to the article itself, because it is not openly accessible. For
example:
Grabe,
Mark. "Voluntary Use of Online Lecture Notes: Correlates of Note Use and
Note Use as an Alternative to Class Attendance." Computers and
Education 44 (2005): 409-21. ScienceDirect. Purdue U Lib., West Lafayette,
IN. 28 May 2006 <http://www.sciencedirect.com/>.
Author.
"Title of the message (if any)." E-mail to person's name. Date of the
message.
This same format
may be used for personal interviews or personal letters. These do not have
titles, and the description should be appropriate. Instead of "Email to
John Smith," you would have "Personal interview."
Kunka,
Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." E-mail to the author. 15 Nov.
2000.
MLA style
capitalizes the E in E-mail, and separates E and mail with a hyphen.
Neyhart,
David. "Re: Online Tutoring." E-mail to Joe Barbato. 1 Dec. 2000.
Author.
"Title of Posting." Online posting. Date when material was posted
(for example: 18 Mar. 1998). Name of listserv. Date of access <electronic
address for retrieval>.
If the listserv
does not have an open archive, or an archive that is open to subscribers only
(e.g., a password-protected list archive), give the URL for the membership or
subscription page of the listserv.
<http://www.interversity.org/lists/techrhet/subscribe.html>
If an author name
is not available, use the username for the post.
cleaner416.
"Add [<b>[</b> Tags to Selected Text in a Textarea"
Online posting. 8 Dec. 2004. Javascript Development. 3 Mar. 2006
<http://forums.devshed.com/javascript-development-115/
add-b-b-tags-to-selected-text-in-a-textarea-209193.html>.
MLA does not yet
have any official rules for citing blog entries or comments. But as the technology
becomes more widely used for academic discussions, you may find yourself
referencing blogs more often. If you are drawing on a blog as a source, make
sure you consider the credibility of the weblog site and/or the author of the
posting or comment. Also, check with your instructor or editor to see what
their stance is on incorporating evidence from blog entries.
If you decide to
use blogs, we suggest the following for how you would cite blog entries and
comments depending on the author or sponsor of the weblog.
Citing
Personal Weblog Entries
List the author
of the blog (even if there is only a screen name available), provide the name
of the particular entry you are referring to, identify that it is a weblog
entry and then follow the basic formatting for a website as listed above.
Last
Name, First. "Title of Entry." Weblog Entry. Title of Weblog. Date
Posted. Date Accessed (URL).
NOTE: Give the exact date of
the posted entry so your readers can look it up by date in the archive. If
possible, include the archive address for the posted entry as the URL in your
citation as you would for an online forum. If the site doesn't have a public
archive, follow the suggestion under "Listserv" citation above.
Hawhee,
Debra. "Hail, Speech!" Weblog entry. Blogos. 30 April 2007. 23 May
2007 <http://dhawhee.blogs.com/d_hawhee/2007/04/index.html>.
Citing
Entries on Organizational or Corporate Weblogs/Blogs
List as you would
for a personal blog, but include the corporation or organization that sponsors
the weblog.
Bosworth,
Adam. "Putting Health into the Patient's Hands." Weblog entry. The
Official Google Blog. 23 May 2007. Google, Inc. 27 May 2007
<http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007_05_01_googleblog_archive.html>.
Citing
Comments Posted to a Weblog
Follow the same
basic format for blog entries, but identify that the posting is a comment and
not an orginial blog entry by the organization or weblog author. Also refer to
the screen name that appears as the author of the comment, even if that author
is anonymous.
Screen
Name. "Comment Title." Weblog comment. Date Comment Posted.
"Title of Blog Entry." Author of Blog Entry. Title of Weblog. Date
Accessed (URL).
Anonymous.
"The American Jew and the Diversity Debate." Weblog comment. 21 May
2007. "Imagining Jewishness." Monica Osborne. Jewcy. 23 May 2007
<http://www.jewcy.com/daily_shvitz/imagining_jewishness#comment>.
NOTE: Some weblog sites don't
require titles for comments, so you should just list the first few words of the
comment itself to provide enough identifying information for the comment.
E!.
"Perhaps ironically ..." Weblog comment. 30 April 2007. "Hail,
Speech!" Debra Hawhee. Blogos. 30 April 2007
<http://dhawhee.blogs.com/d_hawhee/2007/04/hail_speech.html#comments>.
If you're citing
an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that
you retrieved from an online database that your library subscribes to, you
should provide enough information so that the reader can locate the article
either in its original print form or retrieve it from the online database (if
they have access).
Provide the
following information in your citation:
The generic
citation form would look like this:
Author.
"Title of Article." Periodical Name Volume Number (if
necessary) Publication Date: page number-page number. Database name. Service
name. Library Name, City, State. Date of access <electronic address of the
database>.
Here's an
example:
Smith,
Martin. "World Domination for Dummies." Journal of Despotry
Feb. 2000: 66-72. Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale Group Databases. Purdue
University Libraries, West Lafayette, IN. 19 Feb. 2003
<http://www.infotrac.galegroup.com>.
"World
War II." Encarta.
CD-ROM. Seattle: Microsoft, 1999.
Reed,
William. "Whites and the Entertainment Industry." Tennessee Tribune
25 Dec. 1996: 28. Ethnic NewsWatch. CD-ROM. Data Technologies, Feb. 1997.
Below you will
find MLA style guidance for other non-print sources.
Listed by the
name of the person you have interviewed.
Purdue,
Pete. Personal Interview. 1 Dec. 2000.
Include speaker
name, title of the speech (if any) in quotes, details about the meeting or
event where the speech was given, including its location and date of delivery.
In lieu of a title, label the speech according to its type, e.g., Guest
Lecture, Keynote Address, State of the Union Address.
Stein,
Bob. Keynote Address. Computers and Writing Conference. Union Club Hotel,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. 23 May 2003.
Include the
artist's name, the year the work was created, and the institution (e.g., a
gallery or museum) that houses it, followed by the city where it is located.
Goya,
Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid.
If you're
referring to a photographic reproduction, include the information as above, but
also include the bibliographic information for the source in which the
photograph appears, including a page or other reference number (plate, figure,
etc.). For example:
Goya,
Francisco. The Family of Charles IV. 1800. Museo del Prado, Madrid. Gardener's
Art Through the Ages. 10th ed. By Richard G. Tansey and Fred S. Kleiner.
Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace. 939.
See our page on citing
electronic resources for citing artworks found online.
Put the name of
the episode in quotation marks, and the name of the series or single program
underlined or in italics. Include the network, followed by the station, city,
and date of broadcast.
"The
Blessing Way." The X-Files. Fox. WXIA, Atlanta. 19 Jul. 1998.
Include
information about original broadcast, plus medium of recording. When the title
of the collection of recordings is different than the original series (e.g.,
the show Friends is in DVD release under the title Friends: The
Complete Sixth Season), list the title that would be help researchers
located the recording.
"The
One Where Chandler Can't Cry." Friends: The Complete Sixth Season.
Writ. Andrew Reich and Ted Cohen. Dir. Kevin Bright. NBC. 10 Feb. 2000. DVD.
Warner Brothers, 2004.
Sound recordings
list album title, label and year of release (for re-releases, it's good to
offer either the original recording date, or original release date, when
known). You only need to indicate the medium if you are not
referring to a compact disc (CD), e.g., Audiocasette or LP (for long-playing
record). See section about online music below.
List by name of
group or artist (individual artists are listed last name first). Album title
underlined or in italics, followed by label and year.
Foo
Fighters. In Your Honor. RCA, 2005.
Waits,
Tom. Blue Valentine. 1978. Elektra/Wea, 1990.
Place the names
of individual songs in quotation marks.
Nirvana.
"Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind. Geffen, 1991.
Treat spoken-word
albums the same as musical albums.
Hedberg,
Mitch. Strategic Grill Locations. Comedy Central, 2003.
List films by
their title, and include the name of the director, the film studio or
distributor and its release year. If other information, like names of performers,
is relevant to how the film is referred to in your paper, include that as well.
The Usual Suspects. Dir. Bryan
Singer. Perf. Kevin Spacey, Gabriel Byrne, Chazz Palminteri, Stephen Baldwin,
and Benecio del Toro. Polygram, 1995.
If you refer to
the film in terms of the role or contribution of a director, writer, or
performer, begin the entry with that person's name, last name first, follwed by
role.
Lucas,
George, dir. Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. 1977. Twentieth Century
Fox, 1997.
Include format
names; "Videocassette" for VHS or Betamax, DVD for Digital Video
Disc. Also list original release year after director, performers, etc.
Ed Wood. Dir. Tim Burton. Perf. Johnny
Depp, Martin Landau, Sarah Jessica Parker, Patricia Arquette. 1994. DVD.
Touchstone, 2004.
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